Category: Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Structure Components Functions

The design and engineering of the Perseverance Mars Rovers allow it to carry on the most challenging tasks on Mars. To build an ultra-detailed Perseverance Mars Rover replica, we need thoroughly understand the real one’s structure, components, and functions.

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EDL Sensor System of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Structure Components Functions

EDL Sensor System of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover – part 2

Other than the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s EDL microphone, there are also cameras in the EDL sensor system.

There is a camera that is located on top of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover, so it can look up at the descent stage and take photos of it. This camera is called the rover “up look” camera. When the sky crane maneuver and the descent stage separates, the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s rover “up look” camera can take photos of the process so that people on Earth can see if everything is ok. Our 1:2 Pseverance Rover Replica will perfectly replicate the appearance structure of the rover “up look” camera.

There is another camera that is located under the rover, called the rover “down look” camera. Its job is to capture what it sees underneath the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover so that people on Earth will know if the rover lands successfully. Our 1:2 Pseverance Rover Replica will perfectly replicate the appearance structure of the rover “down look” camera.

The Lander Vision Camera (LCAM) is a part of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s Lander Vision System. Because the LCAM is located outside of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s body, it needs to be small and light (less than 1 kg, or 2.2 lbs), but luckily, the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s LCAM is only intended to be used only during the EDL process, so it doesn’t need to endure the environmental condition of Mars. The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s LCAM is in fact a new feature added on top of the old Lander Vision System which is inherited from the previous mission. High up in the air and with fast-dropping speed, the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s LCAM needs to take photos at low exposure time, and it needs to take photos quickly and feed the images quickly to the Vision Complute Element with low latency in order for a fast process. The images will be processed within 10 seconds. The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s LCAM is not expected to survive on Mars, so after the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover lands, the LCAM’s mission is over. Other cameras will take over the photo-taking jobs.

For our 1:2 Perseverance Mars Rover Replica, it will perfectly replicate the appearance structure of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s LCAM, and we might even put a real camera in it so that you can see what it sees from a screen.

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EDL Sensor System of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Structure Components Functions

EDL Sensor System of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover – part 1

EDL is short for Entry, Descent, and Landing for the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover mission. In order for people on Earth to learn if the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover lands successfully, or what kind of obstacles that the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover encounters while landing, the EDL microphone, the Lander Vision System Camera, the rover lookup camera, the rover lookdown camera and the Descent-stage “down look” camera were put on the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s body. Our 1:2 Peseverance Mars Rover Replica will perfectly replicate the microphone and cameras, and we might even build some of them with real cameras and microphones if possible.

In the past, there are several attempts to send microphones to Mars for sound recording purposes, but none succeeded. In this mission, the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover is carrying a microphone on the side of the rover’s body in order to record the sound of the EDL process. The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s EDL microphone is rather simple – as a matter of fact, it is an average microphone that anyone can purchase in any electronic store, only with a little bit of modification by the engineers. But the downside is that it might not survive the impact when the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover lands. Since this is a simple microphone, our Perseverance Mars Rover Replica might use the same type of microphone – of course, we will match the microphone’s appearance definitely – so it will be a real microphone to record actual sounds.

When the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover is descending, the EDL microphone will record the sound of the air friction, the sound of dust hitting the rover body, the sound of the Martian wind, etc. – just like the sound that we hear before an airplane lands on the airport. If the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s EDL microphone luckily survives the impact, it will be able to record the sound of motors, wheels crushing the Martian sand, the sound of the other structure’s deployment process – just like what we hear in a car when the car is driving or opening the doors. For our 1:2 Perseverance Mars Rover Replica, the EDL microphone will continuously work as long as it is not broken purposely.

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Communication System of Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Structure Components Functions

Antenna of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover- part 2

For the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s X-band High-Gain Antenna, different from the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s Ultra-High Frequency antenna, it communicates directly with Earth. The shape of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s X-band High-Gain Antenna is hexagonal. The diameter of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s X-band High-Gain Antenna is around 30 cm (11.81 inches), and the total weight is around 8 kg (17.64 lbs). For our 1:2 Perseverance Mars Rover Replica, the shape of the X-band High-Gain Antenna is also hexagonal, but the diameter will be around 15 cm (5.9 inches).

The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s X-band High-Gain Antenna consists of 2 components: the high gain antenna subassembly and the Gimbal mechanism subassembly. The purpose of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s X-band High-Gain Antenna is to send information of the rover’s health condition and the data recorded by the scientific instruments to Earth. Also, Earth can send instructions of daily missions for the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover. The Gimbal mechanism allows the antenna to be steerable which saves energy compared with having to rotate its whole body for the antenna to point at Earth. Our Mars Rover replica will perfectly replicate the Gimbal mechanism so it will work exactly the same as the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover.

The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s X-band Low Gain antenna’s primary purpose is to receive data from Earth’s Deep Space Network antennas. The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s X-band Low Gain antenna’s feature is that it can send and receive data 360°, so it does not need to point in a certain direction to receive data, nor does it need the Gimble mechanism to work more efficiently. This advantage allows the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover to communicate with Earth at all times. Our Perseverance Mars Rover Replica will perfectly replicate the structure appearance of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s X-band Low Gain antenna, but our Mars Rover Replica will not have the actual function like the real Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s X-band Low Gain antenna.

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Communication System of Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Structure Components Functions

Antenna of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover – part 1

The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover communicates with Earth via a set of antennas. The antennas are Ultra-High Frequency Antenna, X-band High-Gain Antenna, X-band Low-Gain Antenna, which are all located on the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s top deck. Our 1:2 Peseverance Mars Rover Replica will perfectly replicate the appearance structure of the 3 types of antennas, but they won’ have the actual functions like the real Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s antennas.

The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s Ultra-High Frequency antenna is located at the back of the rover, really close to the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s power system, MMRTG. Even though the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s Ultra-High Frequency Antenna can communicate directly with Earth, the long-distance could make the process take much longer (around 5 to 20 mins as Mars rotates) and more power. Therefore, in most cases, the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s Ultra-High Frequency antenna does not transmit data to Earth directly, but instead, the data transmission is via the Mars Orbiter antennas, and then the Mars Orbiter antenna will relay information with Earth’s Deep Space Network antennas.

Another advantage to utilizing the Mars Orbiter antenna is that due to the short-distance transmission, the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s Ultra-High Frequency antenna’s frequency rate can go as high as 2 MB/s. For our Perseverance Mars Rover Replica, it won’t need to transmit massive data between remote and the Mars Rover Replica’s receiving modules, but to be closer to the real Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover, we can arrange the receiving module in the structure of the Perseverance Rover Replica‘s Ultra-High Frequency antenna.

If you are interested in our 1:2 Perseverance Mars Rover Replica, you can check out [1:2 Perseverance Mars Rover Replica Design and Building Diary].

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Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Structure Components Functions Power System of Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover

MMRTG of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover – part 2

The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s MMRTG is essentially a nuclear power source. The radioisotope material is plutonium-238. The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MMRTG can convert heat from the natural decay of plutonium-238 to electricity, and the power produced is 110 W at the beginning of the mission. Then each year the power will drop a few percent. But since the plutonium-238 is only enough for one and a half Mars year (or three Earth years), the drop will not make a big impact on the mission. 

For our 1:2 Peserverance Mars Rover Replica, you can use rechargeable batteries or plug them into the wall. It won’t be nuclear power. With batteries, the Perseverance Mars Rover Replica can operate for around 2 hours.

Unlike on Earth, you will not get a steady sunlight accumulation on Mars, and the daily and seasonal temperature fluctuation is too abrupt. Therefore, it will be unwise and unpractical to use solar panels for the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover, at least not at the moment. This makes the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MMRTG perfect for the space mission.

The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MMRTG is very small but it can produce significantly more energy compared with other forms of available power supplies. Although nuclear power might sound dangerous, protections are made to ensure safety. First of all, the plutonium-238 is not weapon-grade. Second of all, the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MMRTG technology has already been used in numerous space missions, such as the Curiosity rover mission, the Apollo mission, the Viking mission, and many more for over 50 years. Therefore, it has been proved as a reliable power source for space missions. Lastly, the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MMRTG is designed to have many layers of protective materials, so that under various extreme conditions, the plutonium-238 inside will still be contained and safe.

The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MMRTG is able to generate electricity continuously no matter the condition. The sufficient amount of energy that the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MMRTG produces also makes it convenient for scientists to work with Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover no matter day or night.

Our 1:2 Peserverance Mars Rover Replica will perfectly replicate the structure appearance of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MMRTG. If you are interested in our Peserverance Mars Rover Replica, you can check out [1:2 Perseverance Mars Rover Replica Design and Building Diary].

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Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Structure Components Functions Power System of Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover

MMRTG of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover – part 1

The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) is the power supply for the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover, which is located at the end of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover.

The weight of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MMRTG is around 99 lbs or 45 kg. The diameter of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MMRTG is around 25 inches or 64 cm, and the length is around 26 inches or 66 cm. For our 1:2 Perserance Mars Rover Replica, the diameter will be around 12.5 inches or 32 cm, and the length will be around 13 inches or 33cm.

The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MMRTG has mainly three jobs:

  1. Provide electricity to the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover while operating during day and night. It is expected to generate 110 W in the beginning, and it will reduce only a few percent each year. Although the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MMRTG is designed to work over 10 years, with limited nuclear material, it will only actually going to run for one and a half Mars year, which is an equivalent of three Earth years. Therefore, the few percent reductions in power level are not a big deal.
  2. Charges 2 rechargeable lithium batteries. These 2 batteries are used when the demand power is larger than the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MMRTG can supply at the time. As a matter of fact, sometimes the demand power can go up to 900 W, but the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MMRTG can only make 110 W, so that’s when the 2 rechargeable lithium batteries come in to ensure the mission can continue.
  3. Warm up the instruments on the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover. Mars, compared with Earth, is a cold planet. In order for the science instruments to operate, heat is needed to keep them at a workable temperature.

For our 1:2 Perseverance Mars Rover Replica, the operating power will not be 110 W because the science instruments on the rover are only decorations. Although the Perseverance Mars Rover Replica can simulate some of the real Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s movements, the power required will be significantly small. 

If you are interested in our 1:2 Perseverance Mars Rover Replica, you can check out [1:2 Perseverance Mars Rover Replica Design and Building Diary].

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Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Structure Components Functions Movement Structure System of Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover

Wheels of Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover

The Mars 2020 Perseverance rover has 6 wheels. Different from its predecessor, each of the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover‘s wheels has a total of 48 gently curved treads instead of 24 chevron-patterned treads. For the wheels of our Perseverance Mars Rover Replica, all the curved treads will be perfectly replicated.

Other than changing the wheel patterns, the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover‘s wheels are around 8.5mm thick, which is around 1mm thicker than the Curiosity rover, not including the pattern thickness on the wheel surface. Proportionally, the thickness of our 1:2 Perseverance Mars Rover Replica‘s wheel should be 1mm, but in order for the wheels to be strong enough to support the rover body and the loads onboard and bear the rocky terrain, we will make the thickness of the Mars Rover Replica‘s wheel 2 mm.

The diameter of the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover‘s wheels is 52.5 centimeters or 20.7 inches, which is a little bit larger than the Curiosity Mars Rover’s 50.8-centimeter or 20-inch wheels. The diameter of the wheels of our 1:2 Perseverance Mars Rover Replica is 26.25 centimeters or 10.35 inches.

The reason to change the tire pattern and to make the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover‘s wheels thicker is due to the wear and tear that the Curiosity Mars rover’s wheels experienced. And this actually affects Curiosity’s performance on the Martian sand. But now with the new design, the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover‘s wheels are more resistant to the harsh Martian surface condition. The wheels of our 1:2 Mars Perseverance Rover Replica are strong enough as well to survive many kinds of rock terrains.

While the spokes of the wheel were made of titanium, the PMars 2020 Perseverance rover‘s tires were machined from aluminum that is widely used in the airplane industry, and it is a type of shape memory alloys. This shape-memory aluminum allows the tires to adapt to the Martian terrain, which is very much like a shock absorption system to provide the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover with a stable ride and minimize damages to the tires and hence to the instruments carried by the rover. The shape-shifting material makes the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover‘s tires light-weight, more durable and they have better traction performance while driving on the Martian rocky roads. For our 1:2 Mars Rover Replica, the spokes are made of aluminum and the wheel surface is made of steel. The reason we choose these two materials to build our Mars Rover Replica is explained in this post [Designing the Perseverance Mars Rover Replica’s Wheels].

With one full turn of the wheels, the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover can move forward a distance of 1.65 meters, or 65 inches. The Perseverance Mars rover can go as fast as 152 m/h, or 4.2 cm/s, which might not seem very fast compared to Earth’s vehicles, but the slow speed actually helps the Perseverance Mars Rover conserve energy for the long-term mission. In terms of our Mars Rover Replica, how fast it can go is still to be determined, but we will try to match the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover‘s speed.

Compared with the Curiosity Mar rover, the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover is much more autonomous in terms of driving. The software onboard allows the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover to decide which way it wants to go, which means the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover will travel much further without having to confirm with Earth each time about the driving paths. For our 1:2 Perseverance Mars Rover Replica, you will remotely control it with screens showing real-time video captured by the cameras mounted around the body of the Mars rover replica.

The Mars 2020 Perseverance rover‘s wheels work with a Rocker-Bogie suspension system when interacting with the surface of Mars. This Rocker-Bogie design allows the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover to go over obstacles twice the height of the wheel and allows the loads onboard evenly distributed on the 6 wheels. In our 1:2 Mars Rover Replica, the Rocker-Bogie feature is perfectly replicated, so you can expect that our Mars Rover Replica will also be able to drive over obstacles that are twice the height of its wheels and have the loads evenly distributed on 6 wheels.

Synonyms: cleats, raised treads, grousers

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Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Structure Components Functions Science Instrument of Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover

MEDA of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover – part 2

Radiation and Dust sensors

The radiation and dust sensor assembly for the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s MEDA is located on the top deck. Our 1:2 Perseverance Mars Rover Replica will perfectly replicate the appearance structure of the radiation and dust sensor assembly but they won’t be actual sensors.  This Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover‘s MEDA’s radiation and dust sensor assembly consists of photodetectors and a charge-coupled device, and the purpose is to study the characteristics of the Martian dust, such as its shape, size, or opacity. The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MEDA inherited a lot of features from previous space missions.

For example, from the Curiosity Rover mission, the rover environmental monitoring station (REMS) is applied on the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover. It is a set of sensors that are designed to work and collect information on a low atmosphere, which includes air and ground temperature sensors, wind sensors, humidity and pressure sensors, and a photometer.

From the Mars MetNet Lander Mission, the solar irradiance sensor (MetSIS) is inherited. Mars is a cold planet compared to our Earth. Moreover, the entry, descent, and landing process for the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover are extremely bumpy. Both harsh conditions could potentially affect the sensors. Therefore, this sensor is specially designed so that it can endure the landing impact and also operate normally at low temperatures. It consists of 32 detecting elements in 11 spectral bands. The sample rate and channels to be sample can both be manually and autonomously configured.

From the ExoMars 2016 Lander mission, DREAMS, which is short for Dust characterization, Risk assessment, and Environment Analyzer on the Martian Surface is inherited to the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover. The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s version of DREAMS has 7 detectors. These detectors are arranged so that a 360 ° azimuth is possible.

From the Mars Exploration Rover Misson and Mars Science Laboratory mission. the HazCams is applied to the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover and now is renamed as SkyCam on the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover.

Our Perseverance Mars Rover Replica will perfectly replicate the appearance structures of the REMS, MetSIS, DREAMS, and the HazCam, though they won’t have the functions as the real Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover.

The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MEDA’s radiation and dust sensors are the first set of sensors that are specially for studying the sun brightness and dust conditions. This will help scientists model the atmospheric conditions of Mars and prepare for human exploration in the future.

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Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Structure Components Functions Science Instrument of Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover

MEDA of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover – part 1

The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MEDA is short for the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer. You may think of it as a weather station, which essentially is a set of sensors for measuring and collecting mainly the following information:

  1. wind speed
  2.  wind direction
  3. temperature
  4. pressure
  5. humidity
  6. amount of dust particles
  7. size of dust particles
  8. radiation

The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MEDA has several components and they are located in multiple locations on the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover:

  1. on the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s mast’s neck
  2. on the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s top deck
  3.  on the front left and right sides of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s body
  4.  on the interior of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s body

Our 1:2 Perseverance Mars Rover Replica will perfectly replicate the MEDA instrument’s appearance structure but there will not be any actual sensors and it is not a real weather station. 

The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MEDA’s sensors are air temperature sensors, radiation, and dust sensor, relative humidity sensor, thermal infrared sensor, wind sensors, and instrument control unit sensors. With these sensors, the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MEDA will be able to work as a weather station, not only to study the atmospheric condiction of Mars but also to predict Mars’s future weather. This has great meaning because one day, there is a chance humans will set foot on Mars, and they will need to know daily weather reports just like we do on Earth.

The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MEDA has a mass of 5.5kg or 12 lbs. and the maximum power it will consume is 17W which depends on the scale of the measurements. Our Mars Rover Replica‘s MEDA will be half the size as the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover’s MEDA, but the weight is not half the weight. We aim to find materials that are strong but lightweight for that. 

If you are interested in our 1:2 Perseverance Mars Rover Replica, you can check out [1:2 Perseverance Mars Rover Replica Design and Building Diary].